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竹子“变身”高透光电磁屏蔽材料******
竹材是一种常见的生物质材料，具有可持续性、生长速度快、资源丰富等优点，被广泛用于家具制造及家居装饰用材领域。但是，你见过透光竹材吗？它不仅透光还可以隔热、保温、屏蔽电磁，这样神奇的材料是怎么制成的呢？
近日，南京林业大学家居与工业设计学院吴燕教授领衔的课题组，通过一种简单高效的处理方式，将竹材转化为具有良好光学性能的透光原竹和透明竹片，同时保留了原竹天然形状和纤维素骨架结构。日前，相关研究论文发表于国际期刊《纳微快报》。
科技创新将竹材利用最大化，竹材逐渐作为木材、塑料、钢筋等材料的替代品被开发利用，形成了重组竹、竹编工艺品、竹纤维制品、竹碳制品等100多个系列上万个品种，竹材产品已经覆盖生产生活的各个领域。我国是世界竹材产品生产、贸易第一大国，2020年，全国竹产业产值近3200亿元。
随着人们对家居环境个性化装饰需求的日益增多，将竹材等环保材料转化为新型材料的研究越来越多，吴燕课题组的研究便是其中之一。
论文第一作者王晶介绍，透光竹材的制备主要分为两个步骤，第一步是去除发色基团，第二步是浸渍折射率与竹纤维素模板相同的聚合物。
由于竹材的孔隙率较低，竹材去除木质素和浸渍聚合物的时间比巴沙木、杨木等密度较小的木材要长，因此制备具有一定厚度的透光竹材是一项挑战。
该课题组选取5年生毛竹为原材料，将去青后的原竹浸泡在过氧化氢和乙酸混合溶液中，再利用简单的化学预处理脱除原竹中的木质素，木质素的去除会导致更多孔隙出现，有利于下一步的填充过程。最后向竹纤维素模板中填充折射率指数与其相匹配的树脂，再经过快速固化工艺，一款具有优异光学传输性能、抗拉伸性能、表面装饰性和美学价值的透光竹材便应运而生了。与其他不同聚合物浸渍方法制备的生物质透明样品相比，透光原竹固化时间非常短，因此显示出显著的快速制备加工潜力。
“此类将原竹直接加工成竹纤维素模板再合成透明材料的方法，将大大减少前期原料机械加工和后期原料成型的步骤，不仅减少了能耗，也减少石化资源的浪费。”吴燕说。同时，这个方法还可以用于处理其他高密度、低孔隙率的生物质材料。
据介绍，透光竹材的壁厚可达6.23毫米，透光率约60%，照度为1000勒克斯，吸水质量变化率小于4%，纵向抗拉强度达到46.40兆帕，表面性能为80.2HD（布氏硬度计测试出来的硬度单位）。
吴燕教授领衔的课题组将透光原竹与透明竹片、电磁屏蔽膜组成一款复合器件，整体结构类似于常见的蜂窝板，其中透光原竹充当核心骨架、透明竹片为面板、锡掺杂氧化铟薄膜为功能层。
经过研究发现，这款复合器件可表现出显著的隔热、保温性能以及电磁屏蔽性能，在家居与建筑装饰材料领域具有广阔前景。（记者 张 晔 通讯员 方彦蘅 姚会春）
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
（文图：赵筱尘 巫邓炎） [责编：天天中] 阅读剩余全文（）  视觉焦点
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